> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://smousavi05.gitbook.io/mlseismology/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://smousavi05.gitbook.io/mlseismology/seismological-tasks/impedance-model-building.md).

# Impedance Model Building

Inversion of Impedance (i.e the product of density and seismic velocity) using seismic data. 

### **Used ML Approaches:**

* Artificial Neural Networks

### **Used Neural Networks:**

* CNN
* FC
* RNN
* GRU
* Autoencoder
* U-Net
* ResNet
* GAN

### Used Learning Procedures:

* Unsupervised Learning
* Supervised Learning 
* Transfer Learning
* Reinforcement Learning
* Semi-Supervised Learning

### References:

1. Biswas, R., Sen, M. K., Das, V., & Mukerji, T. (2019). Prestack and poststack inversion using a physics-guided convolutional neural network. Interpretation, 7(3), SE161-SE174.
2. Das, V., Pollack, A., Wollner, U., & Mukerji, T. (2019). Convolutional neural network for seismic impedance inversion. Geophysics, 84(6), R869-R880.
3. Gao, Z., Pan, Z., Zuo, C., Gao, J., & Xu, Z. (2019). An optimized deep network representation of multimutation differential evolution and its application in seismic inversion. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 57(7), 4720-4734.
4. Alfarraj, M., & AlRegib, G. (2019). Semisupervised sequence modeling for elastic impedance inversion. Interpretation, 7(3), SE237-SE249.
5. Gao, Z., Li, C., Yang, T., Pan, Z., Gao, J., & Xu, Z. (2020). OMMDE-Net: A deep learning-based global optimization method for seismic inversion. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 18(2), 208-212.
6. Gao, Z., Li, C., Liu, N., Pan, Z., Gao, J., & Xu, Z. (2020). Large-Dimensional Seismic Inversion Using Global Optimization With Autoencoder-Based Model Dimensionality Reduction. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 59(2), 1718-1732.
7. Wang, Y., Ge, Q., Lu, W., & Yan, X. (2020). Well-logging constrained seismic inversion based on closed-loop convolutional neural network. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 58(8), 5564-5574.
8. Wang, Y., Wang, Q., Lu, W., & Li, H. (2021). Physics-Constrained Seismic Impedance Inversion Based on Deep Learning. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.
9. Wu, B., Meng, D., Wang, L., Liu, N., & Wang, Y. (2020). Seismic impedance inversion using fully convolutional residual network and transfer learning. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 17(12), 2140-2144.
10. Wu, B., Meng, D., & Zhao, H. (2021). Semi-supervised learning for seismic impedance inversion using generative adversarial networks. Remote Sensing, 13(5), 909.
11. Zhang, J., Li, J., Chen, X., Li, Y., Huang, G., & Chen, Y. (2021). Robust deep learning seismic inversion with a priori initial model constraint. Geophysical Journal International, 225(3), 2001-2019.


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